McCulloch v. Maryland - The federal government can establish national banks due to the necessary and proper clause (stated in article 1, section 8 of the Constitution) and holds authority over the state law due to the supremacy clause (article 6), U.S. v. Lopez - Congress can't make whatever laws it wanted by using the commerce clause (in 1st Amendment) as justification, and in doing so, it exceeds it's constitutional authority;, Engel v. Vitale - Public school sponsorship of religious activities violate the establishment clause of the 1st Amendment, due to public schools being counted as an extension of the government (where sponsored religious activities would be considered unconstitutional), Wisconsin v. Yoder - Forcing Amish children to stay in school past 8th grade violates the free exercise clause in the 1st Amendment, Tinker v. Des Moines - Students don't lose their 1st Amendment right to peacefully protest when they enter schools; in this case, wearing black armbands to protest the Vietnam War, New York Times v. United States - Freedom of press applies to things the federal government wants to cover up under the 1st Amendment if it doesn't violate prior restraint, Schenck v. United States - Determined that free speech does not apply when creating a "clear and present danger" due to prior restraint, Gideon v. Wainwright - Determined the 6th Amendment right to a attorney applies to the states through the 14th Amendment, and not providing an attorney would be a violation of rights, McDonald v. Chicago - About a law that had been previously determined in a different state to be a "fundemental liberty." Concerns 2nd Amendment and the 14th Amendment with how the Bill of Rights applies to the states, Brown v. Board of Education  - Determined separate is not equal, and that argument was a violation of the 14th Amendment, and henceforth desegregated schools, Citizens United v. FEC - Corporations count as people in the respect of political views and donations, and henceforth are protected under the 1st Amendment, Baker v. Carr - Concering rural vs. urban districting, this case created the 'one person one vote' doctrine; placing unequal power between voting citizens due to district population (even when districts are the same size) violates the 14th Amendment Equal Protections Clause, Shaw v. Reno - Racial gerrymandering isn't constitutional due to the 14th Amendment, Marbury v. Madison - Established judical review (power of judical branch to shoot down unconstitutional acts from the legislative and executive branches), which is stated in Article 3, Section 2 of the Constitution ,

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