ESOPAGEAL ATRESIA - congenitally interrupted esophagus where the proximal and distal ends do not communicate. First signs are seen shortly after birth and include frothy white bubbles in infants mouth, coughing or choking when feeding, blue color of skin, especially when feeding, difficulty breathing. , GASTROSCHISIS - A herniation of the abdominal contents through an abdominal wall defect -- Hole next to belly button, intestines not covered by a protective sac, OMPHALOCELE - A dect in the umbilical ring that allows evisceration of abdominal contents into an external peritoneal sac. -- hole in belly button, intestines covered by protective sac, IMPERFORATE ANUS - a rare birth defect that includes the absence or abnormal location of a normal anal opening (anus) and is identified in the newborn period., BLADDER DYSTROPHY - Rare developmental abnormality that is present at birth in which the bladder and related structures are turned inside out through an opening in the abdominal wall., TRANSIENT TACHYPNEA - Caused due to the delay in clearance of fetal lung fluid after birth, leading to ineffective gas exchange, respiratory distress, and tachypnea. Symptoms may include rapid breathing rate (over 60 per minute), grunting with breathing, flaring of nostrils, retractions , RESPIRATORY DISTRESS - Most common lung disease in premature infants. Occurs because the lungs are underdeveloped. Signs are present at birth or within a few hours of birth, such as for expiratory grunting, shallow breathing, nasal flaring, chest wall retractions, seesaw respirations, and generalized cyanosis, fine inspiratory crackles. Chest X-Ray or lung ultrasound may reveal under-expansion, hypo-aeration, bell-shaped thorax, and a diffuse ground-glass like pattern , PERISISTENT PULMONARY HYPERTENSION - Tachypnea within 12 hours of birth, marked cyanosis, grunting, respiratory distress and retractions. Systolic ejection harsh sound (tricuspid insufficiency murmur), MONGOLIAN SPOTS - benign blue or purple splotches that appear solitary on the lower back and buttocks of newborns, HARLEQUIN SIGN - dilation of blood vessels on only one side of the body, giving the newborn the appearance of wearing a clown suit, VERNIX CASEOSA - a thick white substance that protects the skin of the fetus, STORK BITES - superficial vascular areas found on the nape, on the eyelids, and between the eyes and upper lip, NEVUS VASCULOSOUS - strawberry mark or strawberry hemangioma, is a benign capillary hemangioma in the dermal and subdermal layers, MILIA - multiple pearly-white or pale yellow unopened sebaceous glands frequently found on a newborn’s nose, ERYTHEMA TAXICUM - benign, idiopathic, generalized, transient rash that occurs in up to 70% of all newborns during the first week of life, NEVUS FLAMMEUS - port-wine stain, commonly appears on the newborn’s face or other body areas. Has been associated with certain childhood cancers, MICROCEPHALY - a head circumference more than two standard deviations below average or less than 10% of normal parameters for gestational age, caused by failure of brain development. Can be associated with infections (cytomegalovirus, rubella, toxoplasmosis), Zika virus exposure, syndromes such as trisomy 13, 18, or 21 and in utero exposure to alcohol or certain other drugs  , MACROCEPHALY - usually benign and does not require intervention, characterized by a head circumference more than 90%, typically related to hydrocephalus , LARGE FONTANELS - more than 6 cm in the anterior diameter bone to bone or more than a 1-cm diameter in the posterior fontanel; possibly associated with malnutrition, hydrocephaly, congenital hypothyroidism, trisomies 13, 18, and 21, and various bone disorders such as osteogenesis imperfecta. , SMALL/CLOSED FONTANELS - smaller-than-normal anterior and posterior diameters or fontanels that are closed at birth. Craniosynostosis and abnormal brain development refer to the premature fusion of cranial sutures, with inhibition of perpendicular cranial bone growth and are associated with a small fontanel or early fontanel closure associated with microcephaly. Management strategies for syndromic craniosynostosis infants require multidisciplinary subspecialty teams to provide optimal care for complex reconstructive approaches,

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