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Coevolution refers to ____ that occurs among interdependent species as a result of specific interactions. That is, adaptations occurring in one species spur reciprocal adaptations in another ____ or multiple ones. Coevolutionary processes are important in ____ as these types of interactions shape relationships among ____ at various trophic levels in ____. Key Points: - Coevolution involves ____ adaptive changes that occur among interdependent species. - Antagonistic relationships, mutualistic relationships, and commensalistic relationships in ____ promote coevolution. - Coevolutionary antagonistic interactions are observed in ____-prey and host-____ relationships. - Coevolutionary mutualistic interactions involve the development of ____ beneficial relationships between species. - Coevolutionary commensalistic interactions include ____ where one species benefits while the other is not ____. Batesian mimicry is one such example. Community Ecology Interactions among biological organisms in ecosystems or ____ determine the types of communities in specific habitats. The food ____ and food webs that develop in a community help to drive coevolution among species. As species ____ for resources in an environment, they experience natural selection and the pressure to adapt to ____. Several types of symbiotic relationships in communities promote coevolution in ecosystems. These relationships include antagonistic relationships, mutualistic relationships, and commensalistic relationships. In ____ relationships, organisms compete for survival in an environment. Examples include predator-prey relationships and parasite-host relationships. In ____ coevolutionary interactions, both species develop adaptations for the benefit of both organisms. In ____ interactions, one species benefits from the relationship while the other is not harmed. Antagonist Interactions Antagonist Interactions Coevolutionary antagonistic interactions are observed in predator-prey and host-parasite relationships. In predator-prey relationships, ____ develop adaptations to avoid predators and ____ acquire additional adaptations in turn. For example, predators that ambush their prey have color adaptations that help them to ____ into their environment. They also have heightened senses of smell and ____ to accurately locate their prey. Prey that evolve to develop heightened visual senses or the ability to detect small changes in air flow are more likely to spot predators and avoid their ambush attempt. Both predator and prey must continue to adapt to improve their chances for ____. Mutualistic Interactions Coevolutionary mutualistic interactions that occur between species involve the development of ____ beneficial relationships. These relationships may be exclusive or general in nature. The relationship between ____ and animal pollinators is an example of a general mutualistic relationship. The animals depend on the plants for ____ and the plants depend on the animals for ____ or seed dispersal. Mimicry Coevolutionary commensalistic interactions include relationships where one species benefits while the other is not ____. An example of this type of relationship is Batesian mimicry. In Batesian mimicry, one species mimics the characteristic of another species for ____ purposes. The species that is being mimicked is poisonous or harmful to potential predators and thus mimicking its characteristics provides protection for the otherwise harmless species. For example, scarlet snakes and milk snakes have evolved to have similar ____ and banding as venomous coral snakes. Additionally, mocker swallowtail (Papilio dardanus) species of butterfly mimic the appearance of butterfly species from the Nymphalidae family that eat plants containing noxious chemicals. These chemicals make the butterflies undesirable for ____. Mimicry of Nymphalidae butterflies protects Papilio dardanus species from predators that can not ____ between the species.

Environmental Leadership - 2nd semester | Lesson 4

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