1) What is the mode of viral transmission where an arthropod carries the viral pathogen inside its body and transmits it to the new host through biting a) Biological Transmission b) Mechanical Transmission c) Direct Contact d) Indirect Contact 2) Proviruses are associated with which reproductive cycle? a) Lytic Cycle b) Lysogenic Cycle 3) Which enzyme do retroviruses use to make DNA copies (cDNA) of RNA? a) Reverse transcriptase b) ATP synthase c) RNA polymerase d) DNA polymerase 4) During this stage of the lytic cycle, the production of phage DNA and proteins occurs within the host cell. a) Penetration b) Attachment c) Maturation d) Biosynthesis 5) What is the purpose of the spikes on enveloped viruses? a) Adsorption b) Absorption c) Reabsorption d) Readsorption 6) In the ________, virulent viruses leave and cause the death of the host cell. a) Lytic Cycle b) Lysogenic Cycle 7) Viruses formed from only a nucleic acid and a capsid are called enveloped viruses a) True  b) False 8) Which is not a feature of viruses?  a) They are intracellular obligate parasites b) They marshal the host cell’s structures to reproduce c) They have the ability to infect any type of host and cell d) They are acellular pathogens 9) What is the process called where a bacteriophage picks up a portion of bacterial DNA from the host cell, thereby incorporating this DNA into a new bacterium?They are intracellular obligate parasites a) Specialized transduction  b) Lysogenic Cycle c) Lytic cycle d) Horizontal gene transfer 10) A _________ has both lytic and lysogenic cycles.They marshal the host cell’s structures to reproduce a) Provirus  b) Prophage c) Virulent virus d) Temperate Bacteriophage 11) A patient contracts a disease after their wisdom teeth surgery. What kind of disease would this be classified as? a) Nosocomial Disease  b) Iatrogenic Disease c) Noncommunicable disease d) Noninfectious Disease 12) During which period of a disease would the first signs and symptoms appear? a) Incubation period  b) Period of illness c) Period of convalescence d) Prodromal period 13) A disease would be the most severe in what period of disease? a) Incubation period  b) Period of convalescence c) Period of illness d) Prodromal period 14) If the ID50 of pathogen A is 100 particles, and the ID50 of pathogen B is 1000 particles, which pathogen would be more virulent? a) Pathogen A  b) Pathogen B 15) Which exoenzyme increases the spreading of an infection by digesting polysaccharides that hold cells together? a) Hyaluronidase  b) Coagulase  c) Kinase  d) Collagenase 16) Leukocidins are an example of which type of exotoxin? a) Intracellular targeting toxin  b) Membrane Disrupting Toxins c) Superantigens 17) Superantigens produce intense immune responses by stimulating lymphocytes to produce a) Endotoxins  b) Exotoxins c) Cytokines d) Leukocidins 18) What type of disease is transmitted from humans to animals? a) Zoonotic Disease  b) Reverse Zoonotic disease c) Noncommunicable disease d) Noninfectious disease 19) A patient comes in with a fever and a temperature above 100.4 Degrees Fahrenheit. Is this considered a sign or a symptom? a) Sign  b) Symptom 20) A ___________ occurs only occasionally in a population and has a prevalence of zero. a) Endemic Disease  b) Epidemic Disease c) Sporadic Disease d) Pandemic Disease 21) A _________, like the flu, is a disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time period. a) Endemic Disease b) Epidemic Disease c) Sporadic Disease d) Pandemic Disease 22) Which describes the method of transmission where pathogens are transmitted from the mother to the child? a) Vertical Direct Contact  b) Horizontal Direct Contact c) Droplet Transmission d) Indirect contact 23) Ebola, the Zika Virus, and West Nile Virus would be considered an emerging or reemerging disease? a) Emerging Disease  b) Reemerging Disease 24) Based on the image shown, what is the correct name of layer of the skin for label A a) Epidermis b) Dermis c) Hypodermis 25) Based on the image shown, what is the correct name of layer of the skin for label B a) Epidermis b) Dermis c) Hypodermis 26) Based on the image shown, what is the correct name of layer of the skin for label C a) Hypodermis b) Dermis c) Epidermis 27) The structure labeled “D” is a sebaceous gland that produces sebum. a) True b) False 28) Which structure contains keratin, a protective protein? a) B b) C c) A d) F 29) The complement protein C3a is important because it functions in: a) Opsonization  b) Cytolysis c) Immunity d) Inflammation 30) When a cytokine signal is transported by the blood to a distant target cell, this is known as: a) Autocrine  b) Endocrine c) Paracrine d) Exocrine 31) This type of cytokine is produced by cells infected by viruses and has antiviral activity: a) Interferons  b) Chemokines c) Interleukins d) Neutrophil 32) This WBC is a ________, which ________. a) Neutrophil; is phagocytic  b) Eosinophil; releases histamine c) Basophil; releases histamine d) Eosinophil; is toxic against parasites. 33) Which leukocyte is part of our adaptive immunity? a) Lymphocyte  b) Monocyte c) Neutrophil d) Eosinophil 34) Which is true about monocytes? a) They contain granules.  b) They differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells c) They have a nucleus that lacks lobes d) Both B and C e) All of the above 35) Which statement correctly describes the actions of Natural Killer Cells? a) NK Cells induce and promote inflammatory responses.  b) NK cells recognize abnormal cells with the MHC-I receptors and kill them. c) NK Cells differentiate into macrophages and phagocytose pathogens. d) NK cells recognize abnormal cells without MHC I receptors and kill them via apoptosis. 36) During phagocytosis, the phagolysosome: a) Allows for the formation of a phagosome  b) Digests pathogenic particles c) Assists in the expulsion of undigested materials d) None of the above 37) Which of the following serves as chemical signals between cells and stimulate a wide range of nonspecific defenses? a) Cytokines  b) AMP’s c) Complement proteins d) Chemokines 38) Which statement is not true about antigen presenting cells? a) They present antigens for recognition by lymphocytes like T Cells.  b) They include B Cells. c) They include dendritic cells and macrophages. d) None of the above 39) (B or T Cell?) Created and mature in Red Bone Marrow a) B Cell b) T Cell 40) (B or T Cell?) Produced in bone marrow, matures in thymus a) B Cell b) T Cell 41) (B or T Cell?) Recognize Antigens and make antibodies a) B Cell b) T Cell 42) (B or T Cell?) Fight Intracellular Pathogens a) B Cell b) T Cell 43) (B or T Cell?) Destroys cells infected with intracellular pathogens a) B Cell b) T Cell 44) (B or T Cell?) Migrate to spleen for final stages of maturation a) B Cell b) T Cell 45) (B or T Cell?) Produce cells that memorize antigens and promote secondary immune responses a) B Cell b) T Cell 46) ____ antibodies are the first responses to an infection, while ___ antibodies prevent microbial attachment to mucous membranes a) IgM, IgA  b) IgA, IgE c) IgA, IgM d) IgD, IgA 47) This would be the structure of an IgM antibody: a) True  b) False 48) Which antibody can cross the placenta and protect the fetus? a) IgA  b) IgE c) IgG d) IgD 49) Antibodies interact with epitopes on an antigen. a) True  b) False 50) If a patient was injected with antibodies, they would have a) Naturally acquired active immunity  b) Artificially acquired passive immunity c) Artificially acquired active immunity d) Naturally acquired passive immunity 51) ______ are also known as CD4+ T Cells and are activated by antigens presented by _______ a) Helper T Cells, MHC I  b) Cytotoxic T Cells, MHC I c) Helper T Cells, MHC II d) Cytotoxic T Cells, MHC II 52) This is the portal of exit for most microbes that are responsible for STD’s: a) Respiratory Tract  b) Genitourinary Tract c) Skin d) Gastrointestinal tract 53) Through this process, antibodies can flag a pathogen for destruction by macrophages. a) Opsonization  b) Complement Activation c) Agglutination d) Neutralization 54) A-B toxins are an example of which type of exotoxin? a) Membrane disrupting toxin b) Superantigens c) Intracellular targeting toxin d) Cytokines 55) Which white blood cells are the bridge between the innate and adaptive immune responses? a) Lymphocytes  b) Neutrophils c) Eosinophils d) Monocytes

BIOL20 Mock Exam 11.30

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