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Transduction - to convert a chemical signal to intracellular action, One rule of physiological regulation - combination of signal and receptor protein has to cause a change in the target cell, Hormones - chemical messengers released directly into the bloodstream by specialized cells, Endocrine System - system that uses hormones to communicate, Nervous System - system that uses neurotransmitters for communication, Telecrine Hormones - released in bloodstream and carried throughout the body; act at a distance with target organ, “en passant” synapses do not have“en passant” synapses do not have - axon terminals, Paracrine Hormones - released into the interstitial space between tissues and exert their effect only on nearby cells, Autocrine Hormones - target cell is the secretory cell itself, Physiological Dose - small dose, Pharmacological Dose - orders of magnitude higher; can lead to side effects, Effect of Upregulation - increase in sensitivity of the target cell to the signal, Effect of Downregulation - decrease in sensitivity to target cell to the signal, First Step in Signal Transduction - first messenger (ligand), How does a hydrophilic ligand interact with the target cell? - they cannot pass through the PM; second messengers system is activated, Second Step in Signal Transduction - transducer (activation of membrane receptor), Third Step in Signal Transduction - second messengers (system activated by membrane receptor), Fourth Step in Signal Transduction - response by targets, Simplest and Fastest hydrophilic receptor - ligand-gated ion channels, The 2nd fastest hydrophilic receptor - GPCR, What does an agonist do - binding activates receptor and initiates response, What does an antagonist do - binding blocks receptor and prevents response, Sympathetic Nervous System - fight or flight response, Parasympathetic Nervous System - rest and digest, High Affinity - high bond strength between hormone and receptor,

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