Violation - A breach of a right, duty, or law., Infraction - Violation of a rule or law that is not punishable by prison., Booking - A police procedure following arrest that records basic information about the suspect, a photograph, and fingerprints, and perhaps includes a lineup. , Elements - The specific factors of a crime. , Arraignment - The defendant is brought before the court to hear charges and enter a plea. , Bail - Money put up to guarantee that the defendant will appear in court as directed., Nolo contendere - When a defendant neither admits nor denies committing a crime but accepts punishment as though he or she were guilty. , Preliminary or evidentiary hearing - A hearing before a magistrate or a judge to determine whether a person charged with a crime should be held for trial; also sometimes called a preliminary examination. , Grand jury - A group of people sworn to inquire into a crime and, if appropriate, bring accusations (indictments) against the suspected criminals. , Indict - To formally accuse a person of a crime. , Plea bargaining - An agreement in which a defendant pleads guilty to a lesser charge and the prosecutor in return drops more serious charges to avoid the cost and time of a trial. , Probative - Tending to prove something., Material - Relevant and significant. , Hearsay - Testimony given by a witness who relates not what he or she heard, saw, or knows personally, but what others have said., Expert witness - A person who is a specialist in a subject that is often technical, who may present his or her expert opinion without actually witnessing any occurrence relating to the case., Frye standard - Commonly called the “general acceptance” test., Daubert ruling - The Daubert ruling implicitly endorses a classical definition of the scientific method, including hypothesis testing, estimates of error rates, peer-reviewed publication, and general acceptance. , Junk science - Theories based on distorted, flawed or untested hypotheses not derived from or tested by the scientific method.,

Final Review Week 3: History and Careers in Forensic Science

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