Packet Filter - Examines individual packets of data and makes access decisions based on specifics, as they traverse a network., Stateful Inspection - Monitors and evaluates the state of active connections by maintaining a table of established sessions. It makes intelligent access decisions by tacking the context of ongoing communications., Application-Level - Intercepts and inspects communication between applications. It can provide granular control over specifics, filter content, and serve as an intermediary to protect the internal network., Circuit Level Gateway - Works at the transport layer, creating a virtual connection for application communication. It doesn’t inspect the actual content of the data but manages the connections between systems, offering a level of security by controlling access based on network addresses and ports., Network Address Translation - A technique used to modify network address information in packet headers while in transit, typically to allow multiple devices on a local network to share a single public IP address., Port Address Translation - Private IP addresses are translated into the public IP address via Port numbers. PAT also uses IPv4 address but with port number., Web Proxy - A server that filters and limits access to undesirable, forbidden, or dangerous content. Used by schools and workplaces to filter where users are allowed to go on the Internet., IDS - A security tool designed to monitor network or system activities, identify suspicious patterns, and raise alerts for potential security incidents., IPS - Actively blocking or preventing identified threats in real-time, enhancing the security posture by automatically responding to potential attacks.,

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