complexity - longer words, more varied vocabulary, more noun-based phrases than verb-based phrases, more subordinate clauses and more passives., formality - avoid colloquial/slang words and expressions, avoid contractions and rhetorical questions, precision - include a sufficient level of detail; facts and figures are true and accurate, words have narrow and specific meanings., objectivity - not personal, emphasis on information and not the writer, refers to the writer & reader less often., explicitness - it is the responsibility of the writer to make it clear to the reader how the various parts of the text are related, have clear & direct thesis statement and conclusion, avoid ambiguity., hedging - avoid presenting conclusions or ideas as facts; use cautious language to make claims less 'strong', responsibility - understand your sources, provide evidence for any claims you make, be truthful, organization - clear separation of ideas; ideas flow easily, in a logical order so that the reader can follow, planning - writing usually takes place after research and evaluation. ,

Features of Academic Writing

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