Affective Filter - Refers to factors such fear, anxiety, and lack of motivation that can block comprehensible input and prevent second language acquisition, Cognitive Approaches - Approaches to language learning and teaching focused on the cognitive processes in the brain of the learner, Comprehensible Input - Oral or written language that is slightly above a second language learner's level of proficiency in the second language and thus provides linguistic input that leads to second language acquisition, Comprehensible Output - Oral or written language produced by a second language speaker that is comprehensible to the individual(s) with whom he or she is communicating, Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) - Language teaching approaches, methods, strategies, and techniques that focus on helping students develop communicative competence, Content-Based Instruction (CBI) - An approach to second language instruction in which content-area subjects and topics are used as the basis for instruction, Language Socialization - The process by which individuals acquire the knowledge and practices that enable them to participate effectively in a language community, Scaffolding - Support or assistance to a student within his or her zone of proximal development (ZPD) by a more knowledgeable teacher or peer to help the student learn a new concept or develop new skills, Sociocultural Perspectives - Perspectives on language learning and teaching that focus on the sociocultural context surrounding the learner that facilitates the learning process, Teaching for Transfer - Teaching that recognizes and values the vast store of knowledge students have in their home language and that enables them to effectively draw on this knowledge when learning or learning through their new language, Zone of Proximal Development - Refers to a metaphorical space between what an individual can do on his or her own and what he or she can do from a teacher or other more knowledgeable person,

Language Learning and Teaching

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