Electromotive force (emf) - Energy supplied to each coulomb of charge which passes through a source, Open circuit - A circuit in which no current is flowing, i.e the switch is open , Internal resistance (r) - The resistance that a power supply has when current is flowing in the circuit, Real source - A source of electrical energy (battery) in series with a small internal resistance., Ideal source - A source with no internal resistance (i.e. it has only an e.m.f.)., Lost volts - The energy wasted inside an electrical source due to its internal resistance when current is drawn from the source , Terminal Potential Difference (tpd) - The voltage available at the terminals of an electrical source. That is, the voltage remaining after the lost volts has been subtracted from the emf, External Resistance - The total resistance in a circuit (excluding power supply). Could be from a load resistor R, Short circuit - When battery is short circuited, R is effectively zero. Dangerous as current can be incredibly high,

Internal Resistance terms

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