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Which Russian philosopher put forward a theory of eternal return- the idea that people and society will keep on in a self-destructive cycle unless enough people change their attitudes and then change society for the better? How is this relevant to 'An Inspector Calls'? - Ouspensky. It is relevant to 'An Inspector Calls' because the end reflects the beginning in a circular structure. The majority of the characters have not broken out of their cycle of selfishness and exploitation, so Eva Smith really dies, and another Inspector will arrive to begin the cycle all over again., What is the name of the social and economic system in which private business owners run business and industry for their own profit, and do not share much of the money made with their employees? How is this relevant to 'An Inspector Calls'? - Capitalism. Birling in particular is an embodiment of selfish capitalism- he places 'lower costs and higher prices' over human welfare, and sacks Eva Smith for leading a strike for a little more money., What is the social and economic system in which the money from business and industries is shared more equally among the community? How is this relevant to 'An Inspector Calls'? - Socialism. Priestley defined himself as a socialist. His raisonneur or mouthpiece, Inspector Goole, teaches the audience the lesson that 'We are members of one body. We are responsible for each other.' Through Goole, Priestley is promoting the idea of a more equal, caring, socialist society., What was the class system like in the Edwardian era? How is this relevant to 'An Inspector Calls'? - The class system in the Edwardian era was very hierarchical and had a big impact on people's lives. Sybil Birling was born into a high status family, whereas Arthur Birling worked his way up from working class origins. This is why he is obsessed with signifiers of status, like his port and cigars and his knighthood. Privileged characters in the play treats working class characters like Eva Smith badly because they have few rights and can thus be exploited. , What was the position of women in the Edwardian era? How is this relevant to 'An Inspector Calls'? - Women did not have the vote in the patriarchal society of Edwardian England,, and very few had access to higher education and professional careers. Middle class women like Sheila would be expected to marry, and then submit to their husbands. Working class women like Eva were often treated as sexual prey by privileged men like Gerald and Eric, who would also frequent prostitutes. However, the Suffragette movement was already active, and Sheila's change into a mature character who challenges traditional views and rejects Gerald may represent the growing empowerment of women after World War One. In Priestley's original audience of 1945, women had gained some more equality with men. , What was the liner that sank in 1912? How is it relevant to 'An Inspector Calls'? - The Titanic. There is dramatic irony when Birling calls it 'unsinkable', and this highlights Birling's arrogance and ignorance. However, it also symbolises the hierarchical and unfair society of Edwardian England, with privileged passengers above decks, and the poorer classes in squalid conditions. The fact that it sank is used by Priestley to foreshadow how unfair Edwardian society is doomed., Which two major wars are hinted at in the play? Why is this relevant to 'An Inspector Calls'? - Inspector Goole's final speech uses tricolon and apocalyptic imagery to warn the Birlings about the 'fire and blood and anguish' which society will experience unless it becomes fairer and more caring. In fact, Britain was to experience the horrors of trench warfare in World War One (1914-18), which many people believed destroyed the old social order. Priestley's audience had also just experienced the fire, blood and anguish of World War Two. Preistley's point is that wars will recur if society does not become more equal, caring and socialist., What is the Welfare State? Why is this relevant to 'An Inspector Calls'? - A welfare state is a form of government in which the state protects and promotes the economic and social well-being of its citizens, based on equal opportunity, fairer distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for citizens unable to take care of themselves. After World War Two, Churchill's Tory government was voted out, and the new Labour Government introduced the National Health Service, the National Insurance Act, which provided sickness and unemployment benefits for adults, plus retirement pensions, and the National Assistance Act, which granted government payments to people in poverty., What is a medieval morality play? Why is this relevant to 'An Inspector Calls'? - Medieval morality plays were dramas about good and evil in the medieval period where the characters often represented the Seven Deadly Sins, and characters would have to face judgement for their evil actions at the end, with punishment in hell if they did not repent. 'An Inspector Calls' can be seen as a modern morality play, where Birling represents greed for money, Gerald and Eric represent lust, Sybil represents pride, Sheila represents envy and wrath, and Inspector Goole is the godlike figure who judges the characters., Can you think of any parallels in literature for the character of Inspector Goole and his impact on the action of the play? - Inspector Goole is not a realistic character, but more of a dramatic device to act as a catalyst to try and speed up change in the Birlings and Gerald. His name is an aptronym (appropriate symbolic name) as it resembles 'ghoul'- a spirit- and he seems supernatural because he foresees events like Eva's suicide and the approaching war. You might be reminded of the three Spirits in Dickens' famous 'A Christmas Carol'. They appear to give the greedy, selfish miser Scrooge another chance. He is sorry for his selfishness, and lives to be a better man, instead of dying and causing others to die. In 'An Inspector Calls', Sheila and Eric take the chance to become better people, but the others do not- therefore, there really is a death, and another inspector will arrive to start the process all over again.. ,

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