Primary Succession: no biotic factors present, no soil, growth starts on bare rock, Pioneer Species: Lichens & Moss, Volcanic eruptions, New Volcanic Islands, Glacier Retreat, Secondary Succession: occurs in area where life once existed, area where life was destroyed, soil is present, Pioneer Species: Grasses, Wild Fires, Plant Removal, Hurricanes,

Succession

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恢復自動保存: ?