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ambition - This theme is a characteristic that motivates Macbeth to commit regicide and later murders; it is the tragic hero’s fatal flaw or hamartia; it is catalysed in Macbeth by the witches; Lady Macbeth persuades Macbeth to commit regicide by appealing to this quality; Banquo is a foil to Macbeth because he demonstrates that this quality can be balanced with by morals and reason. Shakespeare warns against the dangerous power of this quality., guilt - This theme is a feeling experienced by Macbeth and Lady Macbeth after the regicide of King Duncan. It stops them from sleeping, and makes Macbeth feel as if his mind is full of stinging scorpions. It is symbolised by the motif of blood through the play. At first, Lady Macbeth acts as if she does not feel it, but takes her own life because of it at the end., , appearances vs reality - Macbeth and Lady Macbeth hide their true murderous intentions from Duncan under a loyal, loving front in Act 1: “look like the innocent flower but be the serpent under’t”; the Witches use equivocal language to deceive Macbeth. The witches make good seem unattractive and evil seem tempting: 'Fair is foul and foul is fair.', gender roles - Jacobean people believed that God had created these in a model of dominance vs subordination. The witches defy them, as they are unnatural, bearded women. Lady Macbeth asks to be unsexed in order to feel powerful and cruel enough to plan and supervise Duncan's murder. She uses patriarchal expectations to manipulate Macbeth into the regicide. Macbeth is unusual because he views LM as his 'dearest partner of greatness.' However, LM reverts to a more stereotypical weak woman at the end of the play. Macduff asserts the right of men to show emotion. , the supernatural - The play starts off with this theme in the introduction of the witches or 'Weird Sisters.' Many of the Jacobean audience, including James I, had a firm belief in witches. The Witches’ prophecies drive the action of the play. Other aspects of this theme include the floating dagger and Banquo's ghost, though these could also be interpreted by a modern audience as hallucinations caused by guilt. , order vs chaos - Jacobeans believed that God created the world in a hierarchy, the Great Chain of Being. The Witches are associated with disorder ('Fair is foul'). The regicide of Duncan causes disruption in nature, with owls preying on falcons and horses eating each other. Macbeth is not the rightful king, so Scotland is plunged into civil war. The rightful chain of being is restored when Macbeth is overthrown and Malcolm becomes king. , loyalty vs treachery - Macbeth begins by showing this quality when he fights for King Duncan but then he becomes a traitor when the witches catalyse his ambition. Macbeth is rewarded for serving Duncan in Act 1 (Thane of Cawdor) whilst betrayal is punished-the old Thane of Cawdor is executed; Macduff demonstrates the first of these qualities to the rightful heir Malcolm. Shakespeare was influenced by the Gunpowder Plot (1605), a plan to assassinate tJames I and his government; Shakespeare uses Macbeth's downfall to demonstrate that treason against the King will be punished severely., good vs evil - The play is not only a human, political drama, but a conflict between virtue and sin at a cosmic level. The motif of light vs dark symbolises these themes in the play. Macbeth begins by being noble and loyal, but ends as a wicked 'dead butcher.' Some characters, like Banquo and Macduff, contrast with Macbeth and Lady Macbeth because they retain their virtue.,

Macbeth Key Themes

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