Absolute threshold - the minimal amount of a stimulus that we can detect 50 percent of the time, Subliminal messages - stimulus that is below our absolute threshold that some say effects our behavior - but research does not support this claim, Difference threshold - also known as the 'just noticable difference;' the minimum level of stimulation that a person can detect 50% of the time, Weber's Law - states that the just noticable difference between two stimuli is proportional to the magnitude (intensity) of those stimuli, Signal detection theory - tries to explain perceptual mistakes by looking at factors such as motivation and expectations, Top-down processing - when we perceive by filling in gaps in what we sense through the use of our experience, Perceptual set - a predisposition to perceive something in a certain way because of our schemata, Bottom-up processing - when we use only the features of the object to build a complete perception, Gestalt theory/rules - theory that describes how we perceive images as groups, Proximity - objects that are closer together are more likely to be perceived as part of the same group, Similarity - objects that are alike in appearance are more likely to be perceived as part of the same group, Continuity - objects that compose a continuous form are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group, Size constancy - closer objects make a bigger image on our retinas but we perceive them as not changing in size, Shape constancy - objects viewed from different angles will produce different shapes on our retinas but we will perceive them as not changing shape, Brightness constancy - we perceive objects as being a constant color even as the light reflecting off of an object changes, Monocular depth cues - linear perspective, interposition, shading, and texture gradient, Binocular depth cues - retinal disparity and convergence, Blind spot - point where we cannot respond to visual information in that portion of the visual field, Closure - organizing our perceptions into complete objects rather than as a series of parts, Figure-ground relationship - the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground), Nociception - sensory signal indicating potential harm and maybe pain, Pattern perception - ability to discriminate among different figures and shapes, Depth perception - the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance, Convergence - a binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object. the greater the inward strain, the closer the object, Perceptual adaptation - in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field, Phi phenomenon - An illusion of movement that is made when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession and we perceive it as one light moving back and forth between the, Visual cliff - a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals, Retinal disparity - a binocular cue for perceiving depth: By comparing images from the two eyeballs, the brain computes distance-the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object, Extrasensory perception - the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input. Said to include telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition, Perceptual process - the process of selecting, organizing and interpreting data from our senses,

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