Common Sense - a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776 that made an influential argument for American independence, Conservative - favoring the maintenance of existing institutions and traditional values, Constitutional Monarchy - A government system where the king or queen's power is restricted by a set of rules known as a constitution., Declaration of Independence - Declaration of Independence the document approved in 1776 by the Second Continental Congress declaring that the 13 former colonies were free and independent states, divine right of kings - the idea that kings derive their authority from God, not from their subjects, English Bill of Rights - an Act of the Parliament of England that sets out certain basic civil rights and clarifies who would be next to inherit the Crown, First Estate - French clergy class that made up less than 5 percent of France's population in the 1700s, Great Compromise - the compromise reached during the the Constitutional Convention on representation in Congress, with each state represented equally in the Senate and with representation in the House based on state population, guerrilla warfare - an approach to warfare that relies on mobility, hit-and-run tactics, and the element of surprise to harass a larger, stronger opponent, Haitian Revolution - a combined slave rebellion and anti-colonial uprising led in part by Toussaint L’Ouverture, Intolerable Acts - laws passed by Parliament in 1774 to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party by closing Boston harbor, shutting down civilian courts, forcing colonists to house British troops, and placing the colony under the rule of an appointed governor, liberal - favoring individual political and economic freedom, with limits on state power, Napoleonic Code - Napoleon’s code of law that safeguarded ideals of citizens’ equality, individual liberty, and protection of property rights, natural law - The belief that there are universal moral principles that apply to everyone, regardless of local laws or cultural differences., popular sovereignty - The doctrine that all political power comes from the people, and populism is a political philosophy that supports the interests of ordinary people over those of the wealthy or big businesses, Reign of Terror - A violent phase during the end of the French Revolution when the monarchy was overthrown and replaced with a republic., rule of law - the idea that all citizens, even the most powerful, are subject to the law, Second Estate - French noble class that made up less than 5 percent of France's population in the 1700s, sovereign - self-governing and independent, Stamp Act - an act passed by Parliament in 1765 requiring colonists to pay a stamp tax on newspapers and documents; the first direct tax imposed on the American colonies, prompting protests of "no taxation without representation", Third Estate - French commoner class that made up around 95 percent of France's population in the 1700s,

Poltical Revloutions and their Legacies

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