Allele - alternate forms of a gene, monohybrid - cross looking at one trait at a time, dihybrid - cross looking at two traits at a time, genotype - actual genetic makeup, phenotype - outward physical appearance, homozygous - alleles for a trait are the same, heterozygous - alleles for a trait are different, sex-linked trait - carried on the X-chromosome, point mutation - a gene mutation at one spot on a chromosome, frameshift mutation - a shift in the reading frame of a gene due to an insertion or deletion of a base or codon, substitution - a wrong base pair is substituted for another, gene mutation - affects a single gene, chromosome mutation - affects many genes on that chromosome, translocation - a broken piece of a chromosome is stuck to a non-homologous chromosome, nondisjunction - failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis, trisomy - a condition with an extra chromosome for one pair, monosomy - a condition with a missing chromosome for one pair, somatic mutation - happens in body cells; does not get passed on to offspring, germ mutation - happens in reproductive cells; gets passed on to offspring, gene therapy - replacing or repairing faulty genes,

Basic Genetics and Mutations

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