1) A puppy study shows improved memory in all puppies, regardless of training. a) maturation effect b) cross-sectional study c) non-response d) longitudinal study 2) A fertilizer study only uses healthy plants from a greenhouse. a) sampling bias b) experimenter expectancy c) longitudinal study d) selection bias 3) Researchers use only fast-growing trees in a fertilizer study. a) history (internal validity) b) reactive effect (reactivity) c) maturation effect d) selection by maturation 4) Researchers believe a new plant growth hormone will increase flower size. They might unconsciously give slightly more water to the "hormone" group. a) experimenter expectancy b) ambiguous temporal precedence c) history (external validity) d) maturation effect 5) Participants in a taste test guess which yogurt is sweeter based on thickness. a) demand characteristics b) experimenter expectancy c) cross-sectional study d) attrition (mortality) 6) Teens who eat more fast food are more likely to be depressed. a) continuous ratio variable b) ambiguous temporal precedence c) reactive effect (reactivity) d) history (external validity) 7) An antibiotic study's lab experiences a heatwave. a) history (internal validity) b) selection bias c) sampling bias d) attrition (mortality) 8) A diet study starts with 100 participants, but only 60 finish a) selection by maturation b) attrition (mortality) c) experimenter expectancy d) low construct validity 9) A study in the 1950s finds a specific antibiotic is very effective against a certain bacteria. However, decades later, the same bacteria shows resistance to the antibiotic. a) nominal variable b) demand characteristics c) sampling bias d) history (external validity) 10) Knowing they're in a stress study might make participants more stressed. a) history (internal validity) b) cross-sectional study c) discrete ratio variable d) reactive effect (reactivity) 11) A sleep habits survey only asks students living in university dorms. a) sampling bias b) history (internal validity) c) selection by maturation d) social desirability 12) Researchers send out surveys on phone usage, but only people who talk on the phone a lot respond. a) non-response b) nominal variable c) experimenter expectancy d) bias towards the middle 13) A creativity test mostly asks about drawing skills. a) low construct validity b) history (internal validity) c) history (external validity) d) selection bias 14) A participant in a study on the relationship between cats and depression always chooses 3 on a scale of 1-5 so that he doesn't sound too extreme a) bias towards the middle b) continuous ratio variable c) non-response d) longitudinal study 15) In a survey about alcohol consumption, people might underreport how much they drink. a) low construct validity b) selection by maturation c) social desirability d) non-response 16) Researchers compare memory function in different age groups at one time. a) sampling bias b) low construct validity c) selection by maturation d) cross-sectional study 17) Researchers track the same group of children from birth, measuring their memory function every few years. a) longitudinal study b) experimenter expectancy c) bias towards the middle d) cross-sectional study 18) A plant study classifies flowers by color (red, yellow, blue). a) sampling bias b) cross-sectional study c) history (external validity) d) nominal variable 19) A plant study counts the number of petals on each flower (3, 5, 7). a) nominal variable b) continuous ratio variable c) sampling bias d) discrete ratio variable 20) A plant study also measures plant height in centimeters. a) reactive effect (reactivity) b) continuous ratio variable c) attrition (mortality) d) discrete ratio variable

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