nucleus - contains genetic material (DNA - hereditary information) providing info for cellular reproduction, protein synthesis, and gene regulation. Is the "control center", nucleolus - located inside the nucleus, site of ribosome synthesis, Nuclear membrane - Membrane that is selectively permeable, allowing RNA to pass through (DNA is too large). Houses and protects the nucleus., ER (Rough) - "highway" - network of fluid filled canals that transport proteins, which are processed and modified here. Other chemicals are also produced and transported., Ribosomes - site of protein synthesis, long chains of amino acids are bonded together. Protein examples are enzymes, antibodies, and hormones. Very small., Golgi Bodies/Apparatus - The final site for the proteins where they are packaged and delivered. They can be packaged as lysosomes, and vesicles are also created here. The proteins are folded into different shapes and given special properties.., Lysosome (ONLY in animal cells) - Sac-like structure produced in the golgi bodies - contains digestive chemicals and breaks down worn down/used cell parts and waste., Vesicle - Sac produced in the golgi apparatus, Cytoskeleton - series of microtubules and filaments that give the cell its structure and shape, Centriole (ONLY in animal cells) - Attached to the cytoskeleton, and organize the movement of chromosomes for cell division, Cell membrane - Selectively permeable membrane that allows some substances to get in (others are transported using special protein channels). It separates the internal and external parts of the cell, and aids in secretion., Cell wall (ONLY in plant cells) - Provides the cell with protection, giving structure and shape. It prevents cells from bursting, and in plant cells, is made of cellulose., Mitochondria - POWERHOUSE of the cell. Aerobic cellular respiration occurs here, and glucose and oxygen are synthesized, releasing 32 ATP (recently scientists found out that it isn't 36 ATP). Have a smooth outer membrane and wrinkly inner membrane with lots of cristae (folds) giving it a greater surface area., Chloroplasts (ONLY in plant cells) - Are plastids that perform photosynthesis, taking in sunlight and converting it, CO2, and water into food (glucose), Plastids - Photosynthetic structures that create pigments that give the cell color., Cytoplasm - jelly-like fluid ranging from the cell membrane to the nuclear membrane. Suspended in it are ribosomes, proteins, solutes, etc. It performs anaerobic cellular respiration (no Oxygen) and produces only 2 ATP, Bacteria: Capsule - The capsule protects the bacterial cell, and prevents it from drying out and from phagocytosis (being engulfed by another cell). Gives structure., Bacteria: Flagellum - Helps the cell move around and sense its environment, Bacteria: Pili - Help the cell attach to other substances and sometimes transfer genetic material, Bacteria: Nucleoid - Mass of genetic material that DOESN'T HAVE a nuclear membrane protecting it, Bacteria: Plasmid - Circular piece of DNA that gives the bacteria special properties, including resistance to antibodies, *Gram positive cell wall - Can stain with dye, is much thicker peptidoglycan cell wall, located on the outside of the cell membrane, *Gram negative cell wall - Doesn't stain with dye, is sandwiched in between two parts of the membrane, much thinner peptidoglycan cell wall,

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