Anatomy - The study of the human body and what it is, Physiology - Study of the functions of the human body and what it does, Histology - Study of the tiny structures found in living tissue and what it is made of, Levels of Organiziation - 1. Atomic 2. Cells. 3. Tissues. 4. Organs 5. Systems 6. Organism, Atomic Level - The human body begins at the chemical level. All matter in the human body is made of pure atomic elements. Atoms are composed of protons, electrons, and neutrons., 3 components of the Atom - 1. Electrons 2. Protons 3. Neutrons, Periodic Table of Pure Atomic Elements - All matter in the universe is composed of pure atomic elements, including humans., 99 percent of the human body is composed of these 6 elements - 1.Oxygen 2. Carbon 3.Hydrogen 4. Nitrogen 5. Calcium 6. Phosphorus, Water - The most common molecule in the human body, Group of atoms bind together to form... - molecules, Cells - Basic unit of all living things. The human body is composed of trillions of individual cells, which differ in size, shape, structure and function , Groups of cells form.... - tissues, Examples of Cells - Skin cells, muscle sells, blood sells, Cell Membrane - Encloses everything into the cell. Provides a protective covering for the cell that allows food and nutrients to stay in while waste remains out., Nucleus - The center or the "brain" of the cell. Houses DNA and plays a role in cell reproduction., Cytoplasm - Watery fluid in the cell where food and nutrients are stored. Consists of water, salts, enzymes, and organic matter. , Centrosome - Small round bodies in the cytoplasm which help during the cell reproduction process., Mitochondria - Power house of the cell. Converts oxygen and nutrients into energy to be used., Ribosomes - Responsible for creating protein in a cell. Keratin and tyrosinase are examples of that., Golgi apparatus - Organisms found in cytoplasm that are used to bundle lipids and proteins., Mitosis - The process of cell division resulting in daughter cells being produced identical to the original. Cells are reproduced in favorable conditions., Unfavorable conditions... - cause the cells to mutate or be destroyed. Ex. injury, infection and disease., Example of favorable conditions - Nutrients, oxygen, and water, Metabolism - Complex chemical process by which cells are nourished and supplied with energy, Anabolism - Constructive metabolism: build up of cells, allowing the body to store food energy and oxygen to be used for growth/repair , Catabolism - Destructive metabolism: breaking down of cellular tissue, releasing energy for contractions, secretions, and heat production, ABCD - Anabolism build-up Catabolism destructive, Tissues - Group of specialized cells that perform the same function, Connective tissue - Supports, binds and protects all other tissue, Liquid tissue - blood and lymph, Muscular tissue - tissue that contracts to produce movement, Nerve tissue - Transmits messages to and from the brain. Controls and coordinates all bodily function , Epithelial tissue - Protective covering on the outer surface of the body(skin), 8 important Organs - Kidneys, brain, heart, lungs,liver, stomach/intestines, skin , Kidneys - Excretes urine and waste matter, Brain - controls the nervous system, Heart - key player of the circulatory system, pumps blood, Eyes - Vision, Lungs - Supply oxygen to the blood, Liver - removes waste created by digestion, Stomach/intestines - Help digest food, Skin - external protective covering on the outer surface of the body, Systems - Two or more organs that function together to perform a major function of the body or to carry out a physiological need., Skeletal System - The body's central framework, Bones - Hard connective tissue., How many bones are in the human body? - 206, Joints - Connection point between two or more bones, Cartilage - Strong, flexible material between bones and joints , Muscular system - Covers, shapes and supports all other systems. Contractile, fibrous tissues. , How many muscles are in the human body? - 603, 3 Types of Muscle Tissue - 1. Striated 2. Non-striated 3. Cardiac, 3 Types of a muscle - 1. origin-fixed attachement 2. Belly-middle/center point  3. instertion-moveable attachment, Nervous system - Partially responsible for controlling/coordinating the sections of the body, Every square inch of the body is covered in... - nerves, Central Nervous System - The Brain and the Spinal Cord, Peripheral Nervous System - All the nerves besides the brain and the spinal cord, Autonomic Nervous System - Sympathetic-fight or flight-speeds up with activity to prep the body for a stressful situation, Parasymphatetic - normal and non stressful “resting” state. Body is restoring and slowing down., The brain - Largest and most complex mass of nerve tissue in the body. Weighs on average 3 lbs. , How many cranial nerves are there? - 12, The Spinal Cord - Connects the peripheral nervous system to the brain through sensory and motor nerves., Endoctrine System - Specialized glands that affect the overall growth, development and health of the body., Glands - Specialized organs that remove certain elements from the blood and turn them into new compounds, typically hormones, Exocrine Glands - Also known as "duct glands". They produce a substance that travels through small tube-like structures., Examples of exocrine glands - Sebaceous glands, sudoriforous glands, Endoctrine glands - “Ductless glands” that release secretions called hormones into the blood stream, Examples of endoctrine glands - Thyroid, adrenal gland, hypothalamus, Digestive System - Changes food into nutrients and waste. Breaks down food into smaller components to either be absorbed or assimilated into the body. Includes the gastrointestinal tract and its accessory organs or removed as waste., Excretory System - Purifies the body by eliminating waste matter. Includes the urinary system, kidneys, liver and large intestine , Respiratory System - -Enables breathing. Helps to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. Includes respiratory tract(upper and lower) from nasal cavity to lungs, Integumentary System - External, protective covering of the body. Skin-nails and hair., Circular System(cardiovascular system) - Controls the steady circulation of blood through the body. Includes the heart, arteries, capillaries, veins and blood, Functions of the Blood - Carries water, oxygen, and food to the cells. Carries waste products and carbon dioxide away. Equalizes body temperature , Arteries - Muscular walled tubes by which blood is carried from the heart to all the other parts of the body, Veins - Muscular walled tubes by which oxygen depleted blood is carried to the heart, Lymph Nodes - Small oval like structures that help in the fight against infection. There are 100s of them throughout the human body. Found deep around the heart but also closer to the surface in arms and groin area, Lymphatic System(immune system) - Carries waste and impurities from the cell body. Transports lymph(fluid containing white blood cells) throughout the body,

Week 3 Anatomy and Physiology

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