ORAL or ENTERAL: Tablets, capsules, liquids, suspensions, elixirs, lozenges, Advantages: Safe, inexpensive, easy, convenient, Contraindications: Vomiting, difficulty swallowing, decreased LOC, decreased GI motility, Do not mix with large amounts of food or beverages in case clients cannot consume the entire quantity, Follow the manufacturer's directions for crushing, cutting, and diluting medications, Swallow enteric-coated or time-release medications whole (NO CRUSHING!), Avoid administration with interacting foods or beverages (i.e. grapefruit juice), SUBLINGUAL & BUCCAL: Under the tongue, Clients should not eat or drink while the tablet is in place or until it has completely dissolved, Between the cheek and gum, TRANSDERMAL: Medication in a skin patch, Absorption through the skin produces systemic effects, Never put on top of bruises, cuts, burns, or any other breaks in the skin, Wash the skin with soap and water and dry it thoroughly before applying a new patch, Place the patch on a hairless area, and rotate sites; Wipe off the residue on skin from the old patch, Administers sustained action medications via multilayered films containing the drug and an adhesive layer, Nurses should always wear gloves when placing and removing old patches to avoid getting medication on the skin, TOPICAL: Limited adverse effects, Apply with a glove, tongue blade, or cotton-tipped applicator, Do not apply to skin with a bare hand, Medications directly applied to the mucous membranes or skin, Includes powders, sprays, creams, ointments, pastes, oil-and-suspension-based lotions, For skin applications, wash the skin with soap and water. Pat dry before application., NASOGASTRIC & GASTROSTOMY TUBES: Use liquid forms of medications; if not available, consider crushing medications if guidelines allow, Flush with 15-30ml between all medications and once finished giving medications, Verify proper tube placement, Do not administer sublingual medications through the NG tube, Do not mix medications with enteral feedings, Completely dissolve crushed tablets and capsule contents in 15-30ml of sterile water prior to administration, RECTAL: Position clients in the left lateral or lateral semi-prone recumbent position, Insert the suppository just beyond the internal sphincter, Instruct clients to remain flat or in the left lateral position for at least five minutes after insertion to retain the suppository, OPTHAMALIC: Have clients sit upright or lie supine, tilt their head slightly and look up at the ceiling, Place drops into the pouch formed by the lower eyelid in the lower conjunctival sac, Have the patient blink several times, Maintain slight pressure on the inner canthus to prevent loss of medication through the tear duct and reduce systemic effects of the medication, OTIC: Pull pinna up and back for anyone over the age of four, Pull pinna down and back for anyone ages three or younger, After instilling the correct number of drops, press firmly on the tragus for a few seconds to aid in absorption, Drops may be warmed with hands as cold drops may cause dizziness,

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