Orthography - spelling patterns of language, Alphabet Knowledge - The ability to recognize, name, and write letters., Alphabet Principal - The understanding that there is a logical/systematic relationship between the sounds of spoken English and the letters and letter–patterns of written English., Morphology - The study of forms of words, including affixes, roots, stems, and parts of speech. EX: The word "bicycles" is made up of three individual morphemes. The prefix bi-, the stem cycle, and the suffix -s., Reading Fluency - ability to read with appropriate speed, accuracy, and prosody, Reading Comprehension - the ability to read a text and understand its meaning, Guided Reading - Reading done by students with teacher support. This reading will be done within the framework of a lesson and often in a small group setting with the teacher., Accuracy (when reading) - the reader’s ability to correctly pronounce words, Phonological Awareness - the understanding and ability to hear individual words, syllables, and sounds in spoken language apart from print, Phonemic/Sound Awareness - the ability to hear, identify, and re-create individual sounds in spoken words. EX: A student can hear that /b/ makes first sound in the word "blue" , Syntax - Rules that govern the construction of words in order to make phrases, clauses, and sentences., Print Concepts - The general rules governing text, Response to Intervention (RtI) - a process to monitor and measure student progress in the general education curriculum after instructional intervention is provided, Automaticity - the ability to read words effortlessly, Partner/Small Group Reading - A strategy in which students read semi-independently in pairs or small groups., Choral/Echo Reading - A strategy in which students first listens to the teacher read a short passage aloud, and then the class and the teacher all read it aloud at the same time, Literature Circles - strategy in which a teacher organizes students into small groups to discuss a common text, Phrase-Cued Reading - adding slashes into a text to mark the ends of phrases or natural pauses, Shared Reading - A reading strategy that allows a teacher to model strong reading skills, such as fluency or decoding, while students have a clear view of the text, Intermediate Fluency - stage of second language acquisition in which the learner begins to communicate in more complex sentences. Learn starts to think in the second language, Oral Language Assessment - stage of second language acquisition in which the learner begins to communicate in more complex sentences, Overgeneralization - the application of a grammar rule in a place where it doesn’t apply. A student adds -s to make everything plural, even irregular plural nouns. "I brushed my tooths this morning.", Speech Emergence - stage of second language acquisition in which the learner speaks more frequently using longer words and sentences. The learner is still relying heavily on context clues and familiar topics., Advanced Fluency - stage of second language acquisition in which the learner has reached a level of near-native proficiency. EX: The learner refines accuracy and continues to develop an academic vocabulary., Pre-Production/Silent Period - stage of second language acquisition in which the learner takes in new language, but doesn't speak it. The learner is silent. The length of time varies for each learner., Cognates - Words in two languages that share a similar meaning, spelling, and pronunciation. family-familia; computer-computadora, and bicycle-bicicleta, Language Experience Approach (LEA) - promotes reading and writing through the use of personal experiences and oral language; materials are learner-generated, Early Production - stage of second language acquisition in which the learner is listening and absorbing new information and collecting new words. The learner makes many errors, Phoneme Addition - the ability to make a new word(s) by adding a phoneme to an existing word. What new word can you make by adding a sound to the beginning of at? Bat, cat, rat, and sat., Phoneme Manipulation - the ability to perform phoneme deletion, addition, and substitution., Rime - in a syllable, the vowel and everything after it. EX: -ake is the rime in flake, Phoneme Segmentation - the ability to break down a word into separate sounds, as they say and count each sound. How many sounds are there in the word bug? /b/ /u/ /g/? There are three., Onset and Rime Production - the ability to hear and understand that the sound(s) before the vowel in a syllable is the onset, and the vowel and everything that comes after it in a syllable is the rime. In the word cat, the onset is /c/ and the rime is /at/, Phoneme Deletion - the ability to recognize and understand a word or sound(s) that remain when a phoneme is removed. EX: "What is bat without the /b/? "at" , Onset - in a syllable, everything that comes before the vowel; can be a consonant, consonant blend, or consonant digraph. fl- is the onset of flake, Phoneme - the smallest individual sounds in a word. The word "bit" has 3 phonemes b-i-t, Word Awareness - knowing that individual words make up a sentence. EX: "A brown cat jumped over the car." has 7 words. , Phoneme Substitution - the ability to substitute one phoneme for a different one. replace the first sound in 'bug' with 'r' . Rug, Phoneme Isolation - the ability to hear and recognize the individual sounds in words. What is the first sound you hear in dog? /d/, Phoneme Blending - the ability to blend two sounds to make a word. Blend together these sounds to make a word: /b/ /a/ /t/ to form bat., Alphabetic Writing System - a writing system in which there is a symbol for each consonant and vowel. The English language uses an alphabetic writing system, but not all languages are represented in that way., Logographic Writing System - a writing system in which characters represent words or phrases. Some languages, such as Chinese, use a logographic writing system. , Grapheme - A written letter or a combination of letters that represents a single sound. EX: "ph" makes a "f" sound, Word Analysis - breaking down words into morphemes, or the smallest units of meaning. Word analysis can be useful as a decoding tool and can help to determine word meaning., Letter Recognition - Word analysis can be useful as a decoding tool and can help to determine word meaning. Letter recognition requires direct instruction that connects the letter shape to the letter name., Syllabic Writing System - a writing system in which each character represents a syllable, Sight Words - word that cannot be decoded because it doesn't follow standard phonics rules and must be recognized by sight. EX: of, was, the, would, Semantic Cue - Use of word, symbol, or speech meanings to comprehend a text, Overgeneralization - the application of a grammar rule in a place where it doesn’t apply. A student adds -s to make everything plural, even irregular plural nouns. "I brushed my tooths this morning.", Rhyme/Rhyming Awareness - the ability first to hear words that rhyme and then to be able to produce a rhyme(s). EX: "blue" and "flew"  , Alphabet - a set of basic written symbols, or letters, that represent the phonemes of a language. EX: 26 in english, Morpheme - A combination of sounds that has meaning in speech or writing and cannot be divided into smaller grammatical parts. This includes prefixes and suffixes. EX: write, cat, laugh, box, Synthetic Phonics Approach - an accelerated approach to phonics instruction that explicitly teaches how to convert letters into sounds (phonemes) and then blend the sounds to form words. EX: A teacher first teaches the sounds of each letter and then focuses on how to blend the sounds together to pronounce whole words, Diphthong - one vowel sound made by the combination of two vowel sounds. EX: the "ou" in south; the "au' in taught; the "oy' in oyster, Inflectional Affix - an affix that changes the form of the root or base word. EX: The inflectional affix, "ed" changes a verb to the past tense. , Consonant Digraph - two consonants that make a single consonant sound when together in a word. EX: In the word "wish," the letters s and h form the consonant digraph, sh., Decoding - In reading out loud, being able to sound out words by breaking them into simple forms. In reading for comprehension, the understanding of how to read each letter or letter pattern in a word to determine the word’s meaning, Syntactic Cue - Use of a sentence or paragraph's grammar to comprehend a text, Vowel Digraph  - two vowels that make a single vowel sound when together in a word, also known as "vowel teams" EX: the "ai" in paint; the "ee" in need: the "oa" in boat, Encode - using individual sounds to spell a word. EX: To encode, a student must represent the sounds of a word with letters. For example, the word cat would be encoded as /c/, /a/ and /t/., Fry Word List - the 100 most frequently occurring words in the English language; often used for sight word instruction, Consonant Blend - two or more consonants that blend together when decoded, but each retains its own sound. EX: In the word "blue," the letters b and l form the consonant blend, bl., Analogy-Based Phonics Approach - use knowledge of word patterns to decode new words. EX: to decode the unknown word "zap," students would think of the word "map.", Analytic Phonics Approach - students are taught to recognize whole words by sight and . EX: For example, if the student knows "man" and "ran", then the word "tan" should be easy to read.then to break down words into smaller units of sound, Spelling-Based Phonics Approach - phonics instruction that involves spelling rules and phonemes. EX: students learn the sounds of each letter and put the sounds together to create a word., Embedded Phonics Approach - phonics instruction that involves implicitly teaching through reading or in context. EX: A student learns to decode the word "snake" when reading a short story about a boy who goes hiking., Transitional Spelling - Students use some conventional spelling but still misspell many irregular words., Etymology - the study of the origin and history of words, Homophones - words that are pronounced the same as another word but have a different meaning and may be spelled differently. EX: carat, carrot, caret: to, too, two, Precommunicative Spelling - Students use scribble shapes and sometimes letter-like shapes for spelling words but are unable to make the forms, Derivational Affix - an affix that changes the root or base word into a new word. EX: "ful" added to beauty to form "beautiful" meaning full of beauty. , Inflectional Affix - an affix that changes the form of the root or base word. EX: "ed" changes a verb to the past tense. , Diphthong - one vowel sound made by the combination of two vowel sounds. EX: the "ou" in south; the "au" in taught; the "oy" in oyster. , Conventional Spelling - When children know and use most basic spelling rules and spell most words correctly., Vowel Digraph - two vowels that make a single vowel sound when together in a word, also known as "vowel teams". EX: the "ai" in paint; the "ee" in need; the "oa" in boat, Semiphonetic Spelling  - Students have some letter awareness, but are unable to use all letters in the word. EX: Spell "play" p-a, Blooms Taxonomy (RUAAEC) - Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyze, Evaluate, and Create, Tier 3 - Academic words specific to a particular content area or discipline. , Homograph - words that have the same spelling as another word but have different meaning, Homophones - words that are pronounced the same as another word but have a different meaning and may be spelled differently. EX: Carat, carrot, caret, Denotation - a literal, dictionary meaning of a word, Semantic Gradient - an array of related words placed on a continuum that which helps distinguish between shades of meaning, Semantics - the study of word or symbol meaning, Lexicon - the collective vocabulary of a person or language, Structural / Morphemic Analysis - using meaningful word parts (morphemes) to study a word and determine its meaning, Connotation - the implied meaning of a word; the feeling a word conveys, Tier 2 - Academic words that students will encounter frequently in many context areas. , Tier 1 - Common words that are already familiar to students, Informational Text - Text that provides factual info such as in newspapers, magazines, chapters in a textbook, how to manuals or directions, Concept/Vocabulary Map - a form of scaffolding in which a new concept or vocabulary word is written in the center and pictures or descriptive words are written surrounding it, Quantitative Measures of Texts - Aspects of a text that are too hard for a reader to measure. These are typically measured by computer software., Reciprocal Teaching - a dialog between teachers and students regarding segments of text; there are four parts: summarizing, question generating, clarifying, and predicting, Figurative Language - A word or phrase that does not have its normal everyday, literal meaning, Narrative Text - Fictional stories, plays, poems. Usually contains some elements of plot or conflict. ,

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