Marbury v. Madison (1803, Marshall) - The court established its role as the arbiter of the constitutionality of federal laws, the principle is known as judicial review, McCulloch v. Maryland (1819, Marshall) - The Court ruled that states cannot tax the federal government, i.e. the Bank of the United States; the phrase "the power to tax is the power to destroy"; confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States., Gibbons v. Ogden (1824, Marshall) - Clarified the commerce clause and affirmed Congressional power over interstate commerce., Johnson v. McIntosh (1823, Marshall) - Established that Native tribes had rights to tribal lands that preceded all other American law; only the federal government could take land from the tribes., Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831, Marshall) - "The conditions of the Indians in relation to the United States is perhaps unlike that of any two people in existence," Chief Justice John Marshall wrote, "their relation to the United States resembles that of a ward to his guardian. . .(they were a) domestic dependent nation." Established a "trust relationship" with the tribes directly under federal authority, Worcester v. Georgia (1832, Marshall) - Established tribal autonomy within their boundaries, i.e. the tribes were "distinct political communities, having territorial boundaries within which their authority is exclusive.", Scott v. Sanford (1857, Taney) - Speaking for a widely divided court, Chief Justice Taney ruled that Dred Scott was not a citizen and had no standing in court; Scott’s residence in a free state and territory had not made him free since he returned to Missouri; Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in a territory (based on the 5th Amendment right of a person to be secure from seizure of property), thus voiding the Missouri Compromise of 1820., Civil Rights Cases of 1883. (A single decision on a group of cases with similar legal problems) - Legalized segregation with regard to private property., Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois (1886) - Declared state-passed Granger laws that regulated interstate commerce unconstitutional, Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) - Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal.", Northern Securities Co. v. U. S. (1904) - Re-established the authority of the federal government to fight monopolies under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act., Schenck v. U. S. (1919) - Unanimously upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 which declared that people who interfered with the war effort were subject to imprisonment; declared that the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech was not absolute; free speech could be limited if its exercise presented a "clear and present danger.", Korematsu v. U. S. (1941) - The court upheld the constitutionality of detention camps for Japanese-Americans during World War 2., Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954, Warren) - Unanimous decision declaring "separate but equal" unconstitutional., Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) - Extends to the defendant the right of counsel in all state and federal criminal trials regardless of their ability to pay., Miranda v. Arizona (1966) - The court ruled that those subjected to in-custody interrogation be advised of their constitutional right to an attorney and their right to remain silent., Roe v. Wade (1973) - The court legalized abortion by ruling that state laws could not restrict it during the first three months of pregnancy. Based on 4th Amendment rights of a person to be secure in their persons., U. S. v. Richard Nixon (1974) - The court rejected Richard Nixon’s claim to an absolutely unqualified privilege against any judicial process., Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000) - he Court ruled that the Boy Scouts of America could dismiss a troop leader after learning he was gay, holding that the right to freedom of association outweighed a New Jersey anti - discrimination statute., Bush v. Gore (2000) - The court ruled that manual recounts of presidential ballots in the Nov. 2000 election could not proceed because inconsistent evaluation standards in different counties violated the equal protection clause. In effect, the ruling meant Bush would win the election.,

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